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Biological Formats of Long-Term Memory In Human
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Biological Formats of Long-Term Memory In Human

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Freud popularized the term “subconscious” (and “unconscious”) to describe a reservoir of repressed desires, traumas, and instincts influencing behavior. While this model was historically influential, it lacks empirical validation by modern standards. Most of Freud’s ideas are untestable or falsified.

So in this sense: no, the “Freudian subconscious” isn’t real in a scientific sense—it’s a metaphorical or speculative model, not a robust empirical framework.

Category:

Description

1.

Synaptic Strength (Long-Term Potentiation – LTP)

  • Type: Chemical and structural

  • What it is: Enhanced efficiency of synaptic transmission between neurons.

  • Mechanism:

    • When two neurons repeatedly activate together, glutamate release activates NMDA and AMPA receptors, allowing calcium influx.

    • This triggers a cascade that increases the number and sensitivity of synaptic receptors, especially AMPA receptors.

    • Results in a stronger, more responsive synapse.

  • Duration: Minutes to decades (if reinforced).

  • Key regions: Hippocampus (early encoding), cortex (long-term storage).

2.

Structural Changes in Neurons

  • Type: Morphological (physical structure)

  • What it is: Formation or elimination of dendritic spines and even whole synapses.

  • Mechanism: Neurons that “fire together, wire together” — memory formation leads to new synaptic connections, increased dendritic complexity, or pruning of irrelevant pathways.

  • Implication: You literally rewire your brain every time you form a lasting memory.

3.

Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis

  • Type: Molecular

  • What it is: Long-term memories require the synthesis of new proteins.

  • Mechanism:

    • Calcium influx activates transcription factors (e.g., CREB).

    • These trigger gene expression for proteins needed to build/maintain synapses.

  • Blocking protein synthesis = memory formation fails.

  • Duration: Supports maintenance over time (days to years).

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